Should I Read the Questions Before Reading the Passage for Cars

Предлагаем вам пройти пробный IELTS тест по академическому чтению (Academic Reading), который поможет оценить вашу текущую готовность к этому непростому международному экзамену. В конце теста вы найдете ответы ко всем заданиям и сможете проверить свой результат.

Содержание

• 1 Academic Reading Section
  • 1.1 Reading Passage 1
  • one.2 Reading Passage 2
  • one.three Reading Passage 3
• 2 Ответы к тесту

Bookish Reading Section

Секция Bookish Reading состоит из трех текстов и forty вопросов к ним. Ниже начинается полный тренировочный пример по секции Reading. На выполнение всех заданий отводится 60 минут. Старайтесь уложиться в это время.

Reading Passage one

You should spend most 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.

William Henry Perkin

The man who invented synthetic dyes

William Henry Perkin was born on March 12,1838, in London, England.
As a male child, Perkin's curiosity prompted early interests in the arts, sciences, photography, and applied science. But it was a risk stumbling upon a run-downwardly, nonetheless functional, laboratory in his late grandfather'southward dwelling house that solidified the young human being'south enthusiasm for chemistry.
As a student at the Metropolis of London Schoolhouse, Perkin became immersed in the study of chemical science. His talent and devotion to the bailiwick were perceived past his teacher, Thomas Hall, who encouraged him to nourish a serial of lectures given past the eminent scientist Michael Faraday at the Royal Institution. Those speeches fired the young chemist'southward enthusiasm further, and he later went on to attend the Majestic Higher of Chemistry, which he succeeded in inbound in 1853, at the age of fifteen.
At the time of Perkin's enrolment, the Purple College of Chemistry was headed by the noted German language chemist August Wilhelm Hofmann. Perkin'due south scientific gifts shortly caught Hofmann's attention and, within two years, he became Hofmann's youngest assistant. Not long after that, Perkin made the scientific breakthrough that would bring him both fame and fortune.

At the time, quinine was the only viable medical treatment for malaria. The drug is derived from the bark of the cinchona tree, native to South America, and by 1856 demand for the drug was surpassing the available supply. Thus, when Hofmann made some passing comments most the desirability of a synthetic substitute for quinine, information technology was unsurprising that his star pupil was moved to have upwards the challenge.
During his holiday in 1856, Perkin spent his time in the laboratory on the top floor of his family'southward house. He was attempting to industry quinine from aniline, an inexpensive and readily bachelor coal tar waste material. Despite his best efforts, still, he did not end up with quinine. Instead, he produced a mysterious dark sludge. Luckily, Perkin's scientific preparation and nature prompted him to investigate the substance farther. Incorporating potassium dichromate and alcohol into the aniline at various stages of the experimental process, he finally produced a deep purple solution. And, proving the truth of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur's words 'chance favours just the prepared heed', Perkin saw the potential of his unexpected find.

Historically, fabric dyes were fabricated from such natural sources equally plants and fauna excretions. Some of these, such as the glandular mucus of snails, were difficult to obtain and outrageously expensive. Indeed, the purple colour extracted from a snail was once then costly that in society at the time only the rich could beget information technology. Further, natural dyes tended to be dirty in hue and fade speedily. It was against this properties that Perkin'south discovery was made.
Perkin quickly grasped that his regal solution could be used to color fabric, thus making it the world's first constructed dye. Realising the importance of this breakthrough, he lost no time in patenting it. But possibly the about fascinating of all Perkin's reactions to his find was his nearly instant recognition that the new dye had commercial possibilities.
Perkin originally named his dye Tyrian Regal, but it later became commonly known as mauve (from the French for the plant used to make the colour violet). He asked communication of Scottish dye works owner Robert Pullar, who assured him that manufacturing the dye would be well worth it if the colour remained fast (i.eastward. would not fade) and the cost was relatively depression. So, over the fierce objections of his mentor Hofmann, he left college to give birth to the modern chemical industry.

With the assistance of his male parent and brother, Perkin set upward a factory not far from London. Utilising the cheap and plentiful coal tar that was an almost unlimited byproduct of London'south gas street lighting, the dye works began producing the world'south first synthetically dyed material in 1857. The company received a commercial boost from the Empress Eugenie of France, when she decided the new color flattered her. Very soon, mauve was the necessary shade for all the fashionable ladies in that country.
Non to exist outdone, England's Queen Victoria also appeared in public wearing a mauve gown, thus making information technology all the rage in England also. The dye was assuming and fast, and the public clamoured for more. Perkin went dorsum to the cartoon board.
Although Perkin'southward fame was accomplished and fortune assured by his commencement discovery, the chemist continued his research. Among other dyes he developed and introduced were aniline crimson (1859) and aniline blackness (1863) and, in the late 1860s, Perkin's greenish. It is important to note that Perkin's synthetic dye discoveries had outcomes far beyond the merely decorative. The dyes as well became vital to medical inquiry in many means. For example, they were used to stain previously invisible microbes and bacteria, allowing researchers to identify such bacilli as tuberculosis, cholera, and anthrax. Artificial dyes continue to play a crucial role today. And, in what would take been especially pleasing to Perkin, their current utilise is in the search for a vaccine against malaria.

Questions 1-seven

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage one?

TRUE if the argument agrees with the data

False if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

• one Michael Faraday was the first person to recognise Perkin's ability as a pupil of chemical science.
• 2 Michael Faraday suggested Perkin should enrol in the Imperial Higher of Chemical science.
• 3 Perkin employed August Wilhelm Hofmann as his assistant.
• 4 Perkin was even so young when he made the discovery that made him rich and famous.
• 5 The trees from which quinine is derived abound only in South America.
• 6 Perkin hoped to manufacture a drug from a coal tar waste product.
• 7 Perkin was inspired past the discoveries of the famous scientist Louis Pasteur.

Questions viii-13

Answer the questions below.

Choose no more than no more than two words from the passage for each respond.

• viii Earlier Perkin's discovery, with what grouping in society was the colour majestic associated?
• 9 What potential did Perkin immediately understand that his new dye had?
• 10 What was the proper noun finally used to refer to the first color Perkin invented?
• xi What was the name of the person Perkin consulted before setting up his own dye works?
• 12 In what country did Perkin'due south newly invented color first become stylish?
• xiii According to the passage, which disease is now being targeted by researchers using synthetic dyes?

Reading Passage 2

You should spend about twenty minutes on Questions fourteen-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2.

Questions 14-17

Reading Passage two has v paragraphs, A-East.

Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-Eastward from the list of headings below.

List of Headings

• i Seeking the transmission of radio signals from planets
• ii Appropriate responses to signals from other civilisations
• 3 Vast distances to World'south closest neighbours
• iv Assumptions underlying the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence
• v Reasons for the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence
• six Knowledge of actress-terrestrial life forms
• vii Likelihood of life on other planets

Example: Paragraph A — v

• xiv Paragraph B
• fifteen Paragraph C
• 16 Paragraph D
• 17 Paragraph E

Is There Everyone Out In that location?

The search for extra-terrestrial intelligence

The question of whether nosotros are solitary in the Universe has haunted humanity for centuries, but we may now stand up poised on the brink of the answer to that question, as we search for radio signals from other intelligent civilisations. This search, frequently known by the acronym SETI(search for extra-terrestrial intelligence), is a difficult ane. Although groups around the world have been searching intermittently for 3 decades, it is only now that we take reached the level of technology where we can make a determined try to search all nearby stars for any sign of life.

The primary reason for the search is basic marvel — the same curiosity about the natural earth that drives all pure scientific discipline. Nosotros desire to know whether we are alone in the Universe. We want to know whether life evolves naturally if given the correct conditions, or whether there is something very special about the World to take fostered the variety of life forms that we see around us on the planet. The unproblematic detection of a radio point will be sufficient to answer this well-nigh basic of all questions. In this sense, SETI is another cog in the machinery of pure scientific discipline which is continually pushing out the horizon of our noesis. Still, there are other reasons for being interested in whether life exists elsewhere. For case, nosotros have had civilisation on Earth for possibly merely a few thou years, and the threats of nuclear war and pollution over the final few decades accept told u.s. that our survival may be tenuous. Will we last another two thousand years or volition nosotros wipe ourselves out? Since the lifetime of a planet similar ours is several billion years, we tin expect that, if other civilisations do survive in our milky way, their ages will range from zero to several billion years. Thus any other civilisation that we hear from is likely to be far older, on average, than ourselves. The mere being of such a civilisation will tell us that long-term survival is possible, and gives united states of america some cause for optimism. Information technology is fifty-fifty possible that the older civilisation may laissez passer on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats that nosotros haven't all the same discovered.

В
In discussing whether nosotros are lonely, well-nigh SETI scientists adopt two footing rules. First, UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are mostly ignored since nigh scientists don't consider the evidence for them to be strong plenty to conduct serious consideration (although it is also important to proceed an open mind in case any really convincing testify emerges in the hereafter). Second, nosotros make a very conservative supposition that we are looking for a life form that is pretty well like us, since if it differs radically from united states of america we may well not recognise it as a life form, quite apart from whether we are able to communicate with it. In other words, the life form nosotros are looking for may well accept ii green heads and vii fingers, just it volition nevertheless resemble u.s.a. in that it should communicate with its fellows, be interested in the Universe, live on a planet orbiting a star like our Sun, and perchance well-nigh restrictively, have a chemical science, like us, based on carbon and water.
С
Even when nosotros make these assumptions, our understanding of other life forms is still severely limited. Nosotros do not even know, for case, how many stars accept planets, and we certainly do not know how likely information technology is that life volition arise naturally, given the right conditions. However, when we await at the 100 billion stars in our milky way (the Milky Way), and 100 billion galaxies in the appreciable Universe, it seems inconceivable that at to the lowest degree ane of these planets does not have a life grade on it; in fact, the best educated guess we tin make, using the little that we do know about the conditions for carbon-based life, leads us to guess that possibly one in 100000 stars might accept a life-bearing planet orbiting information technology. That ways that our nearest neighbours are perhaps 100 light years away, which is almost next door in astronomical terms.
D
An alien civilisation could choose many dissimilar ways of sending information across the galaxy, but many of these either require too much free energy, or else are severely attenuated while traversing the vast distances across the galaxy. It turns out that, for a given amount of transmitted ability, radio waves in the frequency range 1 □□□ to 3000 MHz travel the greatest distance, then all searches to date have concentrated on looking for radio waves in this frequency range. So far there have been a number of searches past diverse groups effectually the globe, including Australian searches using the radio telescope at Parkes, New South Wales. Until now in that location take not been any detections from the few hundred stars which accept been searched. The scale of the searches has been increased dramatically since 1992, when the United states Congress voted NASA $x million per yr for x years to conduct a thorough search for actress-terrestrial life. Much of the money in this project is beingness spent on developing the special hardware needed to search many frequencies at once. The projection has ii parts. Ane function is a targeted search using the world'southward largest radio telescopes, the American-operated telescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico and the French telescope in Nancy in France. This part of the projection is searching the nearest 1000 probable stars with loftier sensitivity for signals in the frequency range 1000 to 3000 MHz. The other part of the project is an undirected search which is monitoring all of space with a lower sensitivity, using the smaller antennas of NASA's Deep Space Network.
East
There is considerable debate over how we should react if we detect a point from an alien culture. Everybody agrees that we should non reply immediately. Quite apart from the impracticality of sending a reply over such large distances at brusque notice, information technology raises a host of ethical questions that would accept to be addressed past the global community before any reply could be sent. Would the human race face the culture shock if faced with a superior and much older culture? Luckily, there is no urgency about this. The stars being searched are hundreds of calorie-free years away, then it takes hundreds of years for their signal to reach united states of america, and a further few hundred years for our reply to accomplish them. It's non of import, so, if in that location's a delay of a few years, or decades, while the human race debates the question of whether to respond, and perhaps carefully drafts a answer.

Questions xviii-twenty

Choose no more than iii words and/or a number from the passage for each answer.

• 18 What is the life expectance of Globe?
• 19 What kind of signals from other intelligent civilisations are SETI scientists searching for?
• xx How many stars are the earth's most powerful radio telescopes searching?

Questions 21-26

Practise the post-obit statements agree with the views of the author in Reading Passage 2?

Yep if the statement agrees with the views of the writer

NO if the argument contradicts the views of the writer

NOT GIVEN if information technology is impossible to say what the writer thinks almost this

• 21 Alien civilisations may be able to help the human race to overcome serious issues.
• 22 SETI scientists are trying to find a life form that resembles humans in many ways.
• 23 The Americans and Australians take co-operated on joint research projects.
• 24 So far SETI scientists have picked upwards radio signals from several stars.
• 25 The NASA project attracted criticism from some members of Congress.
• 26 If a indicate from outer space is received, it will be important to reply promptly.

Reading Passage three

Yous should spend nearly 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3.

The History of the Tortoise

If you go back far plenty, everything lived in the sea. At various points in evolutionary history, enterprising individuals within many different creature groups moved out onto the state, sometimes even to the near parched deserts, taking their ain private seawater with them in claret and cellular fluids. In addition to the reptiles, birds, mammals and insects which nosotros encounter all effectually us, other groups that have succeeded out of water include scorpions, snails, crustaceans such as woodlice and land venereal, millipedes and centipedes, spiders and diverse worms. And we mustn't forget the plants, without whose prior invasion of the country none of the other migrations could have happened.
Moving from water to country involved a major redesign of every attribute of life, including breathing and reproduction. All the same, a good number of thoroughgoing land animals later on turned around, abandoned their hard-earned terrestrial re-tooling, and returned to the water again. Seals have simply gone part way back. They evidence usa what the intermediates might take been like, on the manner to extreme cases such equally whales and dugongs. Whales (including the minor whales we call dolphins) and dugongs, with their close cousins the manatees, ceased to be land creatures birthday and reverted to the full marine habits of their remote ancestors. They don't fifty-fifty come ashore to breed. They exercise, all the same, still breathe air, having never developed anything equivalent to the gills of their earlier marine incarnation. Turtles went back to the body of water a very long time agone and, like all vertebrate returnees to the h2o, they breathe air. Nonetheless, they are, in i respect, less fully given back to the water than whales or dugongs, for turtles still lay their eggs on beaches.
There is evidence that all modem turtles are descended from a terrestrial ancestor which lived earlier virtually of the dinosaurs. There are two primal fossils called Proganochelys quenstedti and Palaeochersis talampayensis dating from early dinosaur times, which appear to be shut to the ancestry of all modem turtles and tortoises. You might wonder how we tin can tell whether fossil animals lived on land or in water, especially if just fragments are found. Sometimes it's obvious. Ichthyosaurs were reptilian contemporaries of the dinosaurs, with fins and streamlined bodies. The fossils wait like dolphins and they surely lived similar dolphins, in the water. With turtles it is a fiddling less obvious. One way to tell is past measuring the bones of their forelimbs.
Walter Joyce and Jacques Gauthier, at Yale University, obtained three measurements in these particular bones of 71 species of living turtles and tortoises. They used a kind of triangular graph paper to plot the 3 measurements against 1 another. All the land tortoise species formed a tight cluster of points in the upper part of the triangle; all the h2o turtles cluster in the lower function of the triangular graph. In that location was no overlap, except when they added some species that spend fourth dimension both in water and on state. Sure plenty, these amphibious species show upwardly on the triangular graph approximately half mode between the 'wet cluster' of body of water turtles and the 'dry cluster' of land tortoises. The next step was to determine where the fossils vicious. The basic of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis leave u.s. in no doubt. Their points on the graph are correct in the thick of the dry cluster. Both these fossils were dry-land tortoises. They come from the era before our turtles returned to the water.
You might recall, therefore, that modem country tortoises have probably stayed on land always since those early terrestrial times, as near mammals did after a few of them went back to the sea. Merely apparently non. If y'all draw out the family tree of all modem turtles and tortoises, nearly all the branches are aquatic. Today's land tortoises constitute a single co-operative, deeply nested amid branches consisting of aquatic turtles. This suggests that modem country tortoises have not stayed on land continuously since the time of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis. Rather, their ancestors were among those who went dorsum to the water, and they then re- emerged dorsum onto the country in (relatively) more than recent times.
Tortoises therefore represent a remarkable double return. In mutual with all mammals, reptiles and birds, their remote ancestors were marine fish and before that diverse more or less worm-like creatures stretching back, still in the body of water, to the earliest leaner. Later ancestors lived on country and stayed there for a very large number of generations. Later ancestors still evolved back into the h2o and became body of water turtles. And finally they returned yet again to the country as tortoises, some of which now live in the driest of deserts.

Questions 27-30

Choose no more than 2 words from the passage for each answer.

• 27 What had to transfer from sea to country before any animals could migrate?
• 28 Which TWO processes are mentioned as those in which animals had to make big changes every bit they moved onto land?
• 29 Which physical feature, possessed past their ancestors, do whales lack?
• thirty Which animals might ichthyosaurs accept resembled?

Questions 31-33

Exercise the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?

Truthful if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

NOT GIVEN if in that location is no information on this

• 31 Turtles were among the commencement group of animals to drift back to the sea.
• 32 Information technology is e'er difficult to determine where an animal lived when its fossilised remains are incomplete.
• 33 The habitat of ichtyosaurs can exist determined by the appearance of their fossilised remains.

Questions 34-39

Complete the flow-chart below.

Cull no more than 2 words and/or a number from the passage for each reply.

Method of determining where the ancestors of turtles are tortoises come from

Step 1

71 species of living turtles and tortoises were examined and a full of 34____ were taken from the bones of their forelimbs.

Footstep 2

The information was recorded on a 35____ (necessary for comparing the information). Outcome: Land tortoises were represented by a dense 36____ of points towards the top. Sea turtles were grouped together in the bottom part.

Step iii

The same information was nerveless from some living 37____ species and added to the other results. Outcome: The points for these species turned out to be positioned well-nigh 38____ up the triangle between the land tortoises and the sea turtles.

Step 4

Basic of P. quenstedti and P. talampayensis were examined in a similar way and the results added. Result: The position of the points indicated that both these ancient creatures were 39____.

Question twoscore

Choose the right alphabetic character, A, B, C or D.

According to the author, the most significant affair most tortoises is that

• A they are able to accommodate to life in extremely dry environments.
• B their original life form was a kind of earliest bacteria.
• C they take so much in common with sea turtles.
• D they have fabricated the transition from body of water to country mor than in one case.

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